- A group of organisms from one species…
- abundance
- sex ratios
- age structure
- density
- Defining the population boundary…
- a lake
- ecosystem
- country or state
- Aphid population: leaf, plant, grassland, ecosystem?
- depends on the study and the questions
Hunting regulations, disease vectors, car insurance…
Making offspring is expensive, so reproductive output is a strategy under natural selection
Making offspring is expensive, so reproductive output is a strategy under natural selection
Survivorship =